Fig. 2

Model fitting for the InSAR observations. The upper row (a–e) exhibits Sentinel-1A ascending InSAR observations and model fitting from the main fault (Lee et al. 2016) and the sub-patched sill-like dislocation model (black rectangular in d and i). The lower row (f–j) indicates the same data for the descending observations. The star is the MeiNong earthquake’s epicenter. The black diamond indicates the location of the Chungliao tunnel, where interseismic uplift reaches 20 mm/yr (Ching et al. 2016). The black-lined polygon in the subfigures denotes the interseismic uplift area (37 mm/yr) observed from ALOS-2 InSAR data (Tsukahara and Takada 2018). The red-lined polygon denotes the low Vs anomaly (< − 10%) at depths of 0–2 km (Kuo-Chen et al. 2017). Yellow triangles indicate the location of mud volcanoes. Black line indicates Gutingkeng anticline (GTKA in Fig. 1)