Fig. 2

a Comparison between the observed and calculated heat flows for the optimal model. The color contours are the spatial distributions of the calculated heat flow obtained in this study with a contour interval of 10 mW/km². The colored squares represent the average heat flow and average locations of the observation points, which are located within 1 degree of each latitude and longitude in the same reference papers (Abbott 2008; Delisle and Ladage 2002; Grevemeyer et al. 2003, 2005, 2006; Hamza et al. 2005; Hamza and Muñoz 1996; Mas et al. 2000; Muñoz and Hamza 1993). The white solid lines are the locations of the profiles shown in (b–g). The map was created by using generic mapping tools (GMT) (Wessel and Smith 2016). a Comparison between observed and calculated heat flows along profile B-B′ in (a). The solid black line is the optimal model. The green, blue and pink dashed lines are the model with μ’ = 0.005 without rigid mantle wedge, the model with μ’ = 0.000 with rigid mantle wedge and the model with μ’ = 0.005 with rigid mantle wedge, respectively. The colored diamonds are all observations (not average) within a one-sided width of 30 km. c Same as (b), except for profile C–C′. d Same as (b), except for profile D-D′. e Same as (b), except for profile E‒E’. f Same as (b), except for profile F-F′. g Same as (b), except for profile G-G’