Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS)
Table 1 A chronological table for the historical records of Mt. Baekdu volcanic activities
No. | Date(s) (AD) | Eruption type(s) | Records of volcanic activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | January 24, 939 | Explosive eruption | The sound of a large drum was heard | Nihongiryaku |
The rumbling phenomenon by the volcanic eruption | ||||
2 | November 3, 946 the 1st year of King Jeongjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Explosive eruption | The sound of beating was heard from the sky. (Tokyo, Japan) | Goryeosa Sega |
Teishinkoki | ||||
Nihongiryaku | ||||
February 7, 947 the 2nd year of King Jeongjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Explosive eruption | There was a sound from the sky… it sounded like thunder | Nihongiryaku | |
3 | March and April 1014 the 5th year of King Hyeonjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Vulcanian eruption + Plinian eruption | One night … all over the place was tinged with red | Goryeosa (the second volume), |
Dongguk Munheon Bigo (the first volume) | ||||
December 1016 the 7th year of King Hyeonjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | All over the place was shrouded in a red tinge | |||
The phenomenon of volcanic ash dispersion | ||||
February and November 1017 the 8th year of King Hyeonjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | The whole sky was tinged with red like fire | |||
January 1018 the 9th year of King Hyeonjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | A white-banded smoke reached the sky | |||
January and October 1019 the 10th year of King Hyeonjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Ash fall | |||
4 | March 25, 1124 the 2nd year of King Injong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Plinian eruption | A dust storm has blown for the last three days | Goryeosa (the second volume) |
Ash fall phenomenon | ||||
5 | May and October 23, 1199 the 2nd year of King Shinjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Plinian eruption | In the South, the water in the well was turned red and made the sound of boiling like a lowing cry for ten days | Haedongjapgi (海東雜記) (the first volume) |
The thunder…filled the air and the blackish-red gas arose in Gongnyeong. It continued to fill the air and filled the capital with hail falling down. It was getting dark, so no one even an inch ahead was to be seen | ||||
April 7, 1200 the 3rd year of King Shinjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Plinian eruption | … a dust storm blew. It was dark and drizzled all day long | ||
May 4, 1201 the 4th year of King Shinjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Plinian eruption | A dust storm blew… | ||
Volcanic gases, volcanic clouds, ash falls | ||||
6 | April 15, 1265 the 6th year of King Wonjong of the Goryeo Dynasty | Plinian eruption | Some particles from fine solid materials like leaven power fell like fine rain. (Ash falls) | Goryeosa (the second volume) |
7 | November 20, 1362 the 11th year of King Gongmin | Explosive eruption | The sound of beating was heard from the sky | Goryeosa |
8 | June 24, 1373 the 22nd year of King Gongmin | Plinian eruption | A dust storm (Ash falls) blew. Some things like pieces of white fur fell down like fog and rain. It looked as if the scales of the dragon were blowing like the hair of the white horse | Goryeosa (the second volume) |
These records depict the long, flat pieces of pumice 6 to 10 cm in length and the volcanic ash fell from the sky | ||||
9 | May 8, 1401 (the leap month), the first year of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | The coal-black rain fell in Dan-ju (based on the report by Dongbuk-myeon Challisa) | Annals of King Taejong |
The volcanic ash fell in Dan-cheon, Hamgyeong Province | Dongguk Munheon Bigo (the first volume) | |||
10 | February 18 and April 13, 1403 the 3rd year of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | In Gap-ju, half burned, half dried ash fell like rain for five days and a layer of ash on the ground was about 1 chon (3.03 cm) | Dongguk Munheon Bigo (the first volume) |
The ash fell like rain in Dongbuk-myeon (Hamgyeong Province) | The 5th volume of the Annals of Great King Taejong of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty | |||
11 | March 23, 1405 the 5th year of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | The greyish rain fell. (Dongbuk-myeon) | Dongguk Munheon Bigo (the first volume) |
12 | February 27, 1406 the 6th year of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | The dust storm blew in Dan-ju, Dongbuk-myeon for 14 days (The volcanic activities lasted for 2 weeks) | |
13 | 1417 | Plinian eruption | The ash rain was continued during three days in Sakju | Goryeosa |
March 7 and May 21, 1470 | Plinian eruption | The ash rain fell in Jeolla and Gyeongsang Provinces | Goryeosa | |
The ash rain also fell in Gyeongsang, Jeolla and Chungcheong Provinces | ||||
April 2 and May 30, 1528 | Plinian eruption | The ash rain and hail fell at night | Goryeosa | |
In Danyang, ash rain and hail fell | ||||
14 | March 15 and April 8, 1550 the 5th year of King Myeonjong | Plinian eruption | The earth fell down like rain in capital | Annals of the Joseon Dynasty |
15 | March 4, 1573 the 6th year of King Seonjo of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | The dust storm blew. (Ash falls) | Annals of the Joseon Dynasty |
The dust storm blew in Hamgyeong Province | Dongguk Munheon Bigo | |||
16 | October 6, 1597 the 30th year of King Seonjo of the Joseon Dynasty | Phreatic eruption + Explosive eruption + Volcanic earthquake | Earthquakes and small eruptions occurred throughout Samsu-gun (Hambyeong provincial governor Mr. Song Eon-shin) | The 29th volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty |
The 93rd volume of the Annals of Great King Seonjo | ||||
17 | November 18, 1654 the 5th year of King Hyojong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | Throughout Haymgeong Province, Jeok-seong and Jang-dan, the air was tinged with black, it rained, smoke rose and the fishy smell filled the air in the valley, it became dark and nothing an inch ahead could be distinguished | The 35th volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty |
The 13th volume of the Annals of Great King Hyojong | ||||
18 | June 5, 1668 the 9th year of King Hyeonjong of the Joseon Dynasty | Strombolian eruption + Vulcanian eruption + Plinian eruption | The volcanic ash fell like rain in Gyeongseong-bu and Buryeong in Hamgyeong Province | The 37th volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty |
The 14th volume of the Annals of Great King Hyeonjong | ||||
19 | May 20, 1673 the 14th year of King Hyeonjong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | The volcanic ash fell down like rain in Myeongcheon, Hamgyeong Province | Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, written in the 14th year of King Hyeongjong |
20 | June 9, 1702 the 28th year of King Sukjong of the Joseon Dynasty | Plinian eruption | In the Buryeong-bu, Hamgyeong Province, the sky and the earth became dark. Smoke went up, flames were burst into and something fishy filled the air in the room. The people could not stand the heat. The thickness of the ash piled was about 1 chon (3.03 cm) | The 280th volume of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty |
The 36th volume of the Annals of Great King Sukjong | ||||
21 | 1898 | Cheonji volcanic eruption | A Russian explorer reached the summit of Mt. Baekdu and wrote his field trip logs that described the occurrence of an eruption from the caldera of the volcano | |
22 | May or June 1903 | Small phreatomagmatic eruption | When the explosion was heard, fireballs as big as a wheel fell from the air and a shower of sparks on the surface of the lake looked as bright as the light of day | Chángbáishānjiānggǎngzhìlüè |
Small Strombolian eruption | ||||
23 | 1925 | Phreatic eruption Phreatomagmatic eruption | The existence of the record in the book written by the Far East branch of the former Soviet Union Academy of Sciences in 1984 | Volcanic belts of Eastern Asia (1984) |