Table 1 Table showing an overview of pre-1950s observational weather data for Southeast Asia collated by ACRE

Cambodia

1894–1947, 1931–1969

National Archives of Cambodia, Phnom Penh; JMA; CISL RDA; Bulletin Economique de’Indo-Chine; JMA; CISL RDA

Rainfall, air temperature

Phnom Penh and 4 stations around Cambodia

Scattered coverage, majority monthly averages for early period

Indo-China (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam)

1902–1903, 1927–1952

NOAA Library; Bulletin Economique de’Indo-Chine; ISPD

7 perimeters, including air temperature and pressure.

Up to 55 stations

Scattered coverage, majority monthly averages for early period

Lao PDR

1930–1950

DMA; CISL RDA; Bulletin Economique de’Indo-Chine

Temperature, SLP, StnP, rainfall.

1930–1950 holdings at DMH are in hard copy only.

Malaysia

1823, 1863–1865, 1869, 1877–1915, 1929–1950

UKMO Archive; ACRE; MMD; NAM; NA; Royal Society, UK.

Up to 9 perimeters

Penang, Province Wellesley and Malacca. Increasing to 29 stations by 1885 (including Singapore).

NB Monthly and yearly averages available from 1877 continuously, scattered sub-daily from 1869. Consistent sub-daily from 1929.

Myanmar

1875–1940

UKMO Archives/ISPD

6 stations

Scattered coverage, majority monthly averages for early period

Singapore

1840–1845, 1847, 1863–1865, 1868–1940, 1946–

UKMO; UK Climatological Returns; British Geological Survey; MSS; CSS; ISPD, Royal Society, London; British Library, London

Up to 9 perimeters

Thailand

1846–1890, 1900–

NOAA; TMD; UKMO; National Archive of Australia; Journal of the Siam Society; TNA; FFCUL; National Meteorological Library Archive; JMA; CISL RDA

Up to 6 perimeters

Bangkok

Only rainfall consistent from 1846 to 1890 for Bangkok (TNA: Pollachai 2014)