Rebuild of the Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre (ISC)—part 2: 1980–2010

The Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) remains in demand for a wide range of geophysical studies. Users of the ISC Bulletin benefit from its long-term coverage, the most comprehensive set of measurements from the majority of permanent seismic stations and networks, and homogeneity of included parameters of earthquakes and other seismic events worldwide. Despite a reasonably conservative approach in preserving the operational procedures, changes are inevitable in order to achieve the best possible accuracy of published earthquake parameters. The last fundamental change in procedures has fully affected the data for years 2011 and beyond (Bondár and Storchak in Geophys J Int 186: 1220-1244, 2011). This is why it was decided to rebuild the earlier part (1964–2010) of the ISC Bulletin to achieve compatibility in earthquake hypocentres and magnitudes through its entire period. The first article on this project (Storchak et al. in Geosci Lett 4: 32, 2017) covered the period from 1964 to 1979, as it was publicly released. This article covers the remaining period from 1980 to 2010 with all seismic events re-processed and re-located in line with the modern ISC procedures, with ~ 489,000 new events, ~ 2600 new stations, ~15.5 million new seismic arrivals, and more robust and reliable mb and MS magnitude evaluations. We give statistics of departures in epicentre location and depth between the original and rebuilt ISC hypocentres. We also provide a summary for the entire rebuilt period (1964–2010). We give a brief account of events deleted from and added to the Bulletin, based on additional reports from permanent and temporary seismic deployments. We explain that newly re-computed (rebuilt) mb is on average larger that the original mb by 0.05 unit of magnitude. The rebuilt MS is only 0.01 unit larger that its predecessor. We announce that the entire reviewed part of the ISC Bulletin (1964–2017) is now based on the same velocity model, ak135, and the same earthquake location and magnitude computation procedures. Finally, we provide advice on how to obtain the original ISC Bulletin data, where necessary.


Introduction
The most important long-term mission of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) has always been the production of the global definitive earthquake Bulletin (International Seismological Centre 2020a) which to this day remains in high demand for a wide range of geophysical studies. Selected references to hundreds of scientific articles that acknowledge use of ISC data can be found at the end of each annual ISC Director's Report available at https ://www.isc.ac.uk/docs/dirre port/.
Users of the ISC Bulletin benefit from its long-term coverage, the most comprehensive set of measurements from the majority of permanent seismic stations and networks, and homogeneity of included parameters of earthquakes and other seismic events worldwide.
As current data (hypocentre solutions, magnitudes, focal mechanisms, seismic phase arrival times, amplitudes and periods) from reporting agencies arrived (Willemann and Storchak 2001), they were integrated, re-assessed, reviewed and published to keep the Bulletin Open Access *Correspondence: dmitry@isc.ac.uk 1 International Seismological Centre, Pipers Lane, Thatcham RG19 4NS, Berkshire, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article approximately 24 months behind real time. With the exception of a few cases, representation of earthquakes and other seismic events in the Bulletin did not change, once published.
To maintain homogeneity of data over the tens of years, the ISC followed a reasonably conservative approach (Adams et al. 1982). Nevertheless, the advances in global earthquake science have pushed their way into the ISC procedures that have changed most dramatically during processing of data years 2009-2011. With data year 2011, the current earthquake location and magnitude determination methodology (Bondár and Storchak 2011) finally settled, for however many data years to come. This methodology uses all reported seismic phases with a valid ak135 prediction and takes into account the correlated travel-time prediction error structure, which produces more reliable uncertainty estimates and reduces location bias for geometrically unbalanced networks. The need to re-compute the earlier part of the Bulletin (1964Bulletin ( -2010 using the same current procedures was identified and has become a core task of the project of Rebuild of the ISC Bulletin.

Procedures
The first article on this project (Storchak et al. 2017) covered the results of the rebuild of the data period from 1964 to 1979, which was released to users in early 2018. That article described the history of operational changes in the production of the ISC Bulletin and details of procedures used during the Rebuild project, which included: • Removal of poorly constrained events; • Correcting seismic phase names in line with Storchak et al. (2003Storchak et al. ( , 2011Storchak et al. ( , 2013 and time stamp errors; • Adding previously unavailable bulletin data; • Computation of ISC hypocentres and magnitudes where appropriate, using ak135 velocity model and the location algorithm by Bondár and Storchak (2011); • Manual review of parameters of ISC solutions with either considerable departures in epicentre/depth from the old ISC solution or large travel-time residuals at individual reporting stations; • Final overall checks.
These procedures largely remained the same throughout the Rebuild project; therefore there is no need to cover them again in this article. Just one clarification we would make here is that the ISC hypocentre solutions were always based on station observations reported to the ISC by various agencies and not taken from waveforms at the ISC. The Rebuild project has not changed anything in this respect.
As to the general procedures that ISC uses, we would like to refer to the Appendix in any January-June issue of the Summary of the ISC Bulletin that contains a detailed explanation of the subject (International Seismological Centre 2020b). We shall now move to results for the data period from 1980 to 2010.

Summary of results for the 1980-2010 period
The ISC Bulletin contains information on seismic events, mostly earthquakes, reported by a large number of agencies around the world that follow their own policies and procedures. Smaller events, usually reported by single agencies, form part of the ISC Bulletin, but they are not reviewed by the ISC analysts and ISC hypocentre solutions are not attempted. For all other events, where solutions or station information is usually available from several agencies, we review the grouping of available information and, where certain criteria are met, we attempt to compute the ISC hypocentre and magnitudes.
In the course of the Rebuild project, we removed 76,938 events featured in the original ISC Bulletin (Fig. 1). These events generally fall into the following categories, listed in the order of frequency of occurrence: • Events supported only by data from hydro-acoustic networks (more detailed explanation later in the article): account for approximately 64% of the total number of deleted events; shown in Fig. 1 as a cloud of epicentres in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions; • Poorly constrained events: usually reported by a single agency, where events are well outside the network with unacceptably small station azimuthal coverage and no stations at close distances; • Events removed by the original reporter: in some instances, following our request for additional data we received the entire network bulletins that contained much more detailed and reviewed information on events of the past, but, due to retrospective analysis, changes in procedures or the area of responsibility, were missing certain events reported in the past; an example is the network in New Zealand, where ~ 1200 events were either removed or relocated with a substantial departure in epicentre position or depth; • Events with 1 min (hour, day, month or even a year) errors in origin time; suspicious almost identical pairs of events were identified in the original Bulletin; most of these events occurred during the period of analog instrument recordings where readings were manually taken from seismograms, at times erroneously; for example, there were two suspiciously similar events in the original ISC Bulletin: a magnitude ML2.6 event was reported by KOERI observatory in Turkey (ISK) directly to the ISC, approximately 2 years after event occurrence, with the origin time 11h 10min 55s on February 20, 1992; at the same time, a very similar event with no magnitude estimate was reported to ISC by NEIC/USGS with the origin time 11h 10min 55s on March 20, 1992 and referenced to KOERI; the P&S arrival times at all four reporting stations (IZI, DST, YLV and KCT) in the two events were identical to one-tenth of a second; this discrepancy was caused by an unfortunate mistake in either the preliminary fast report by KOERI to NEIC or by the interpretation of this report at NEIC; this mistake, somewhat typical for the time of analogue instruments, has now been corrected and the event in March has been deleted. • So-called "split" events, usually caused by one of the agencies reporting a severely mis-located hypocentre solution that, in turn led to the formation of two separate events in the original ISC Bulletin, where in fact, there was just one physical event; such instances have been identified and rectified.
At the same time, we added a large number of additional reports based on both permanent and temporary seismic deployments. Figure 2 demonstrates a list of these contributions by 90 agencies with the timeline showing the period that each individual contribution covered. The Appendix below lists these agencies with explanations on the nature of each additional contribution and references to relevant scientific publications. As a result of the integration of these reports into the ISC Bulletin, ~ 489,000 new events have been added (Fig. 3). The majority of them are small events (such as those in Eastern Russia reported by MSUGS, based on the data of the local agencies), although these additional reports also contributed useful additional station measurements of already known moderate to large events.
With these additional reports, the Bulletin was enriched with ~ 15 million arrival times and amplitude/ period readings from ~ 2600 new stations, not present in the original Bulletin. These stations belonged to both permanent and temporary deployments. They helped to improve overall station coverage and thus source location accuracy in the Rebuilt bulletin. They also created alternative source-to-station paths useful in tomographic studies. Figure 4 shows the map of these stations. Some groups of stations reveal temporary station deployments such as those in Europe, Central and Eastern Africa, Tibet and the South Pacific. The map also shows additional stations of regional networks in Europe, Russia and the USA that did not report to the ISC directly.
All ISC hypocentre solutions have been recomputed using the current location procedures and ak135 velocity model. In some instances, where the data did not warrant an ISC solution, the old ISC solutions were dropped and a local network's hypocentre was re-assigned as primary hypocentre. Figure 5 shows analysis of departures in ISC epicentre and depth between corresponding matching events in the original and rebuilt ISC Bulletins. It appears that in approximately 80% of cases, both epicentre and depth departures are within 20 km and in approximately 95% of cases the departures are within 40 km.  Storchak et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:18 Only 2698 events (~ 0.6%) show an epicentre difference in excess of 120 km. Out of those, just 10 events had an epicentre difference in excess of 1000 km.
The most extreme case was an earthquake that was originally believed to have occurred on July 9, 1983 in North Pacific Ocean with ISC mb 5.5, based on the amplitude/period pairs from 15 stations. This event was not reported by an agency but built at the ISC, based on the un-associated station arrival time reports sent separately by several agencies-a so-called "search" event. Its ISC hypocentre solution in the original Bulletin was based on the readings of 47 stations at recorded distances    to the original ISC Bulletin (in grey) and ~ 2600 stations that were added to the rebuilt ISC Bulletin (in red) in the range of 27-101° which had an azimuthal coverage of 143°. The stations included MTN (Australia), TRT (Indonesia), BJI (China) and 44 European stations that were interpreted as direct P-arrivals. In fact, the S-P time difference reported at MTN was inconsistent with the station's epicentral distance and thus indicated a possible mis-association of this reading to this event, but it was sadly overlooked at the time.
As a result of the current analyst's review during the Rebuild project, we found in the ISC database a set of other reported readings that fitted along with all original station readings in Europe (if interpreted as PKP arrivals) and BJI. These readings included P and S pairs from NOU and KOU (New Caledonia), and PVC (Vanuatu); direct P-arrivals at BRS, CTA and CTAO (Australia), KRP, MNG, MSZ (New Zealand) and SPA (South Pole, Antarctica). The originally associated readings of MTN and TRT have been disassociated. The whole new event was found to occur Southeast of the Loyalty Islands (a staggering move of 6197 km) with 56 associated stations in the distance range of 3.9-156.2° and the station azimuthal coverage of 192° (Fig. 6). Sadly, there was only one amplitude/period pair at SPA that fell into a legitimate distance range for mb. All amplitude/period pairs from   Europe, now treated as PKP amplitudes, were out of the range. Thus, no new ISC mb was included in the Rebuild Bulletin for this event and the original mb 5.5 has been removed. All station codes above are part of the International Seismograph Station Registry (International Seismological Centre 2020c).
Only 3260 events (~ 0.7%) show a depth difference in excess of 120 km. The extreme cases of depth difference were usually attributed to subduction zones, such as Kermadec, Fiji-Tonga, Solomon and Vanuatu where (due to lack of depth constraint) different default depths have been selected in the original and the rebuilt ISC Bulletins.
The current system of default depths, used in the rebuilt Bulletin is more consistent because it is based on general statistics of well-located events in each geographical area/cell. If such statistics are insufficient in some regions of low seismicity, then general defaults of 10 or 35 km are used. For details, please see the Appendix in each January-June issue of the Summary of the Bulletin (International Seismological Centre 2020b).
All ISC magnitudes were re-computed in line with new more robust procedures that require at least three station amplitude/period measurements and use alphatrimmed median to compute a network magnitude and The epicentre (denoted with a star) and stations that supported an alleged mb ISC 5.5 event in North Pacific Ocean on July 9, 1983 in the original ISC Bulletin (left); following a re-association of all available station data during the Rebuild project, the epicentre was moved by 6197 km to Southeast of Loyalty Islands (right). Pink and orange arcs indicate the primary and secondary station azimuthal gaps uncertainty. This means that the network magnitude is determined as the median of station magnitudes after discarding the lower and upper 20 percentiles, and its uncertainty is given by the SMAD around the median (Bondár and Storchak 2011). Alpha-trimming does not change the median, but it does affect the magnitude uncertainty by avoiding the outliers.
Notably, many events lost their original mb or MS estimates where amplitude/period pairs were available at less than three stations. Figure 7 shows the timeline of this reduction. With a much larger overall number of stations closer to the end of the period, it was inevitable that a lot smaller proportion of events per year lost their mb magnitudes in recent years as compared to the 1980s and mid-1990s. With MS magnitudes this effect is not obvious, partly because of the large original number of events in recent years, where just one or two automatic surface wave readings were provided by PIDC (during the period 1995-2000) and then by IDC/CTBTO (from 2000-02-26 to present) driven by their important requirement to provide data for mb/MS event type discrimination. Original versus rebuilt numbers of both mb and MS are very similar during 2009 and 2010. This is because current magnitude computation procedures have already been used in the original ISC Bulletin for these 2 years. We included the 2009-2010 period in Rebuild as a precaution, because during this data period certain teething problems have been identified and fixed, and we wanted to re-run the updated procedures systematically over these 2 years. Figure 8 shows the change in the global magnitude frequency distributions for mb and MS. These graphs also show a considerable drop in the number of mb and MS estimates for moderate-to-small events where less amplitude data are available. By design, only poorly constrained estimates were lost in order to make the ISC magnitudes generally more reliable. We avoid making any conclusions on the apparent drop in completeness of the overall catalogue. Completeness of the ISC Bulletin is highly variable throughout the world and global graphs can often be misleading if used for this purpose. Regional study of completeness is an important topic in its own right and is therefore outside the scope of this article.
Having finished with the analysis of the rebuilt ISC Bulletin in two major time periods, released to users separately (1964-1979 and 1980-2010), we now move to an overall analysis of changes in the Rebuilt ISC Bulletin for the entire rebuilt period .

Analysis of the entire rebuilt period (1964-2010)
The ISC Bulletin is a collection of information about unique seismic events, mostly earthquakes. Events come as reviewed (generally larger) or not-reviewed (generally smaller), depending on whether the event parameters and corresponding station recording  Storchak et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:18 information have been manually assessed by ISC analysts. Each event is characterised by one or a few hypocentre solutions, one of which is set as the primary (prime). If an ISC hypocentre is available, then it is most likely to be the prime solution and the event is always considered as Reviewed. Each event is accompanied by a number of magnitudes, fault plane solutions, felt reports, comments and seismic phase arrival time information at a variety of seismic stations, supplied by different reporters, including the ISC itself. (2020) 7:18 Fig. 10 Regional distribution (FE-Flinn and Engdahl, 1974;Young et al., 1996) of seismic events deleted and added to the ISC Bulletin (left) and the FE-distribution of the ISC hypocentres in the original and rebuilt ISC Bulletins (right) As a result of the Rebuild project, the ISC Bulletin within the 1964-2010 period has experienced a large transformation. In particular, a large number of events and hypocentre solutions have been deleted or added. Figure 9 shows this transformation in before/after style, demonstrating: • Removal of poorly constrained and, at times, phantom hypocentres (panel row 1) or entire events (panel rows 2 and 3) reported to the ISC (for example, the former artificial arc crossing Africa that consisted of single low aperture array solutions (LAO) or events in the Pacific and Atlantic constrained solely by hydro-acoustic stations); • Removal of many ISC hypocentre solutions (but not events) where hypocentre solutions of local agencies were considered to be sufficient to serve as primary and ISC had no further station reports in addition to the station reports of that local agency (for example, for small events in Japan and South Africa, panel row 4); • Addition of many previously unreported events, mostly of small-to-moderate magnitudes (for example, in Russian Far East, panel row 2) based on additional bulletin contributions collected during the project, such as those shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 10 shows regional details of seismic events (1964-2010) deleted from and added to the rebuilt ISC Bulletin per Flinn-Engdahl (FE) regions (Flinn et al. 1974). Only ~ 2.5% of events have been deleted, usually due to being poorly constrained. The large fraction of them were those reported solely by hydro-acoustic networks in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans (FE-regions: Galapagos Area, SE and Antarctic Pacific Ocean, Eastern South America, Atlantic Ocean). Although many of these events were real, their location was poorly constrained. The main mission of the ISC, to present the most accurate account of world seismicity, dictated these events be removed. The number of events has increased by ~ 14.2% with the addition of many previously described reports from temporary and permanent networks. The most prominent was the addition of a large number of small events in Siberia and Far East (Mackey et al. 2010). Figure 10 also shows the change in the overall number of ISC hypocentres in each FE-region. Before data year 1999, the ISC aimed to compute its hypocentre for each event in the Bulletin. This practice has now changed to give prominence to local network hypocentres, where additional station data (if any) available to ISC do not present a reasonable chance of location improvement. This is why we deleted many ISC hypocentres for small events in Europe, Mediterranean, Japan and Chile. We obviously kept these events in the Bulletin and assigned the status of prime solution to hypocentres reported by established local agencies. Figure 11 shows the magnitude frequency distribution plots for ISC mb and MS during the 1964-2010 period. As explained before, many unreliable ISC mb estimates have been removed. The MS curve experienced a greater transformation for both large and small magnitudes because, originally, no ISC MS magnitudes were available before 1978 and, on the other hand, there were many MS estimates in the past, based on just one or two station measurements.
Because the ISC magnitudes have essentially been recomputed, it is important to state the overall difference between the original (old) and rebuilt (new) magnitudes. Figure 12 shows the density-distribution plot for ISC mb for those events that had a magnitude in both the original and rebuilt Bulletins. During the period 1964-2010, the mean difference between the old and new mb is −0.05 ± 0.11, i.e. on average, the rebuilt mb is 0.05 units of magnitude larger than the original mb. There can be many contributing factors to this small change. One of them is the change in the influence of large outliers (sometimes in excess of ± 1.0 magnitude unit with respect to the mean): in the past, the ISC mb was calculated as a mean value of all station magnitudes, whilst   now it is based on the median value. Figure 13 shows similar information for ISC MS for the shorter period from 1978 to 2010. This is because the IASPEI practice of MS computation, so-called "Prague formula" (Vanĕk et al. 1962) has been introduced at the ISC only from data year 1978. In fact, the rebuilt Bulletin now contains many newly added MS estimates for the period from 1964 to 1977 and beyond (Storchak et al. 2017). During the period 1978-2010, the mean difference between the original and rebuilt MS is −0.01 ± 0.11, i.e. on average, the rebuilt MS is 0.01 units of magnitude larger than the original MS. Figure 14 shows the timeline of improvement in the number of seismic arrivals associated to events in the ISC Bulletin. The year 1999 appears most "fruitful", where the number of arrivals has increased by ~ 100%. The latter is a result of several additional reports received at the ISC, with the largest single new contributor in that year being the meteorological bureau in Taipei (CWB) that reported to the ISC the entire catalogue of the 1999 M W 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake sequence. In the past, CWB reported seismic arrivals just for those earthquakes that were felt. We have now included into the rebuilt ISC Bulletin the entire CWB catalogue  complete with station arrivals from data year 1991 to present. Two other large additions for data year 1999 were some station arrival time data from Japan's JMA and Russia's GS RAS that appear to have been accidentally left out of the original Bulletin due to teething problems whilst introducing the relational database into ISC operations. Data year 1999 was in fact the first data year produced using a database. Binary electronic files (so-called working tape files) were used in the past to process and store the ISC Bulletin information. The annual station numbers (also in Fig. 14) show an improvement in the rebuilt ISC Bulletin as compared to the original Bulletin for every single data year. An apparent drop in the number of arrivals in the original Bulletin during the period 1997-1998 appears to be "compensated" by the additional arrivals added to the rebuilt bulletin. This compensation though is not quite equivalent, as a general loss of reports from ~ 500 stations worldwide in the original Bulletin merely coincided with the addition of station reports to the rebuilt Bulletin in entirely different areas, often as part of temporary deployments (Fig. 15).
Overall, data from 2742 new stations (an increase of ~ 21%) have been added into the rebuilt ISC Bulletin during the period 1964-2010.
Finally, Table 1 summarises the changes in overall numbers in the rebuilt ISC Bulletin for the period 1964-2010. The overall numbers of events, seismic arrivals and stations have increased. The numbers of ISC hypocentres and magnitudes have gone down, whilst many local agency hypocentre solutions have taken their place as primary.

Conclusions
This has been a unique project. Never in its entire ~ 55-year history has the ISC been able to critically review, update and extend its already published Bulletin. The work to obtain additional funding, design criteria and procedures, plan the details, run automatic procedures and manually review the results has taken more than 11 years and a large fraction of the ISC staff time.  (Storchak et al. 2017) which shows the data available to ISC users in the past, today and in the future. Jeffreys-Bullen-seismic travel-time tables by Bullen (1935, 1940); ak135-1D velocity model by Kennett et al. (1995); Reviser and ISCloc-I are the operational earthquake location programs used at the ISC before the most recent program ISCloc-II (Bondár and Storchak, 2011) was introduced into operations Storchak et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:18 The ISC Bulletin available from the ISC website today has been completely rebuilt for the 1964-2010 period (Fig. 16). As a result: • A considerable number of poorly constrained or phantom events has been removed from the ISC Bulletin; • All ISC hypocentre solutions are now based on the ak135 velocity model (Kennet et al. 1995) where Jeffreys-Bullen travel-time tables Bullen 1935, 1940) were previously used for decades; • All ISC hypocentres and magnitudes currently available to users are now mutually consistent (1964-present)

Future work
This was the first, but not the last, rebuild of the ISC Bulletin. Similar projects will no doubt follow in the future as better location techniques, more adequate global velocity models and better data become available.
The improvement in the ISC Bulletin will soon be translated into other ISC products, such as the IASPEI Reference Event List (GT), ISC-EHB dataset, ISC-GEM catalogue and ISC Event Bibliography (International Seismological Centre 2020d, e, f, g).
As the next step (Fig. 16), we now aim to extend the ISC Bulletin into the early instrumental period , based on the existing data in the ISC database and data from BAAS, ISS, BCIS and other sources, collected and digitised during the work on the ISC-GEM catalogue (Di Giacomo et al. 2015.

Remarks
We admire the work accomplished by generations of ISC seismologists and data-reporting agencies since 1964, when patterns of seismicity were not known as accurately as they are today. Most of the work, accomplished recently, was in fact almost impossible to accomplish even 20 years ago, before powerful computers, database software and modern ways of exhibiting the catalogue data graphically and interactively became available.

Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the work of approximately 150 agencies in approximately 100 countries that install and run permanent seismic networks, process waveform data and report seismic bulletins to the ISC on a regular basis. Many of them have been contributing data to the ISC for many tens of years, some, from the beginning of the Twentieth Century.
We are grateful to many colleagues worldwide who provided numerous, large and small contributions of previously missing data to be integrated into the rebuilt ISC Bulletin [see the Appendix in this article and also in Storchak et al. (2017)].
We acknowledge a great input to the success of this project from István Bondár, whose work at the ISC during 2008-2014 led to the design, implementation and testing of the current advanced ISC earthquake location program. We thank Ray Willemann for his initiative in continuing to source and collect historical bulletin data even though the standard ISC analysis of the corresponding time periods had been completed. We thank Wayne Richardson for his meticulous work on cleaning up the ISC Bulletin from various artefacts, including hundreds of out-dated or incomplete seismic phase names reported to the ISC over the years. We thank Przemyslaw Ozgo for building a specialised on-screen application that the ISC analysts used for the review of the rebuilt ISC Bulletin. We thank Silvana Jacob, a student of University of Potsdam in Germany, who picked seismic phases using waveforms of two temporary deployments: INDEPTH (Himalaya-Tibet) and BANJO and SEDA (central Andean Cordillera of Bolivia and northern Chile) during her work placement Storchak et al. Geosci. Lett. (2020) 7:18 at the ISC in 2012. We are grateful to Emily Delahaye for training new analysts for the work on the Rebuild project and to John Eve for occasional help in parsing historical data into the database. We are also grateful to Robin Adams for useful insights into early earthquake processing procedures used at the ISC. We thank Edith Korger for her work on reviewing relevant scientific publications, getting in touch with the authors and bringing new bulletin datasets to the ISC. We are indebted to Lynn Elms for careful review of the manuscript and help in administration of funds and personnel. We also thank Maureen Aspinwall for her help in administering the project funding and reports to funding agencies during her time at the ISC.
We are especially grateful to other ISC Analysts: Elizabeth Ayres, Emily Delahaye, Charikleia Gkarlaouni, Baokun Li, Burak Sakarya and Rebecca Verney who gave this project a great deal of their time and attention. We also thank Rosemary Hulin and Peter Franek for taking on the major workload of analysing the contemporary ISC Bulletin whilst the rest of the Analyst team was busy finishing the Rebuild project in late 2019 and early 2020.
Finally, we acknowledge the use of waveform data, services and software from IRIS, Google Maps and Generic Mapping Tool (GMT, Wessel et al. 2019).
We declare that all authors have approved the manuscript for submission to Geoscience Letters. We also declare that none of the content of the manuscript has been published or submitted for any other publication.

Authors' contributions
DAS has prepared the manuscript and is the first author. JH, DAS and LB worked out the principles and methods of earthquake selection for relocation and review and took part in the overall bulletin integrity check. JH managed the database for this project and prepared a large fraction of the figures. DAS worked on identifying and sourcing additional historical data to the ISC database. DAS also worked to obtain the funding that allowed employment of additional staff at the ISC. LB, KL, BS and the entire ISC Analyst team have all put a lot of time into the review of the rebuilt ISC Bulletin. DAS reviewed the data month of July 1965. LB managed the work of all ISC Analysts, passing his duties to KL a few months before the end of the project. DDG helped make an overall bulletin check, especially as far as ISC magnitudes are concerned, and took part in many discussions over the course of the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding
We thank 72 Member-Institutions of the ISC in 48 countries, ~ 150 data providers and several grantors and sponsoring organizations, including Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), FM Global, the Lighthill Risk Network, United States Geological Survey (USGS), National Science Foundation (NSF) and Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) for providing critical funding for extending the ISC mission. In particular, we acknowledge the NSF Awards 1811737, 1417970 and 0949072; USGS Awards G14AC00149, G15AC00202, G18AP00035 and G19AS00033. The ISC is also sponsored by Reftek Systems Inc., Guralp Systems, GeoSIG, TAIDE Enterprise Co, Seismology Research Centre (SRC, Australia) and MS&AD InterRisk Research & Consulting.

Availability of data and materials
The ISC Bulletin data are openly available via several search mechanisms at the ISC website (https ://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbu lleti n/searc h/) as well as from the ISC ftp-site and DVD-ROMs. In particular, at the time of this article publication, the data of the rebuilt ISC Bulletin have already replaced the original ISC Bulletin in the main ISC database. The data from the original ISC Bulletin once served as an indispensable source of knowledge and information that was collected based on the widest possible international collaboration of seismic monitoring experts around the world. Although we believe that all useful information from the original Bulletin was preserved in the rebuilt Bulletin, it is sometimes necessary for researchers to obtain data as they were published in the original ISC Bulletin and used by researchers in historical scientific publications. We therefore preserved copies of the original ISC Bulletin in several different formats and made them available from the ISC ftp-site in the form of historical digital files: ftp://isc-mirro r.iris.washi ngton .edu/pub/prere build /.

Competing interests
We declare that none of the authors have any competing interest in this publication.

Appendix
Below we present a list of additional seismic bulletin contributions received and included in the ISC Bulletin during the Rebuild project for the period 1980-2010. They are noted with a set of agency codes in Fig. 2. The black bars show the time span for each dataset included during this part of the Rebuild project. Some of these datasets span over larger period of time and we dealt with them accordingly.
Each dataset was integrated either on behalf of an agency (institution). Alternatively, an agency code was invented to represent a particular book, publication or an experiment. Below we acknowledged the work of a particular individual scientist who corresponded with the ISC and helped to integrate each dataset. This does not in any way diminish the contribution of other scientists and institutions that were involved in the project. Full set of acknowledgements is to be found in scientific publications that we referenced below.
AFUA-teleseismic arrival times from Africa Array, courtesy of Samantha Hansen of University of Alabama and Andrew Nyblade of Penn State University, USA (Hansen and Nyblade 2013).
ASIES-recomputed set of AutoBATS MT (Jian et al. 2018) moment tensor solutions in place of BATS CMT from the Institute of Earth Sciences of Academia Sinica, Taipei.
AWI-local/regional events in Antarctica and previously overlooked data, courtesy of Tanja Fromm and Alfons Eckstaller (Eckstaller et al. 1997), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany.
AWI-focal mechanisms for earthquakes in the Gulf of Cadiz (Geissler et al. 2010), courtesy of Wolfram Geissler, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany.
BER-hypocentres and arrival times for local earthquakes in Western Hellenic Subduction Zone recorded at permanent and temporary stations (MEDUSA) deployed across Greece and neighboring countries (Halpaap et al. 2018), courtesy of Felix Halpaap, Stéphane Rondenay and Lars Ottemöller, University of Bergen, Norway.
BUEE-earthquake bulletin from TUCAN deployment in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (Syracuse et al. 2008), courtesy of Geoffrey Abers, Cornell University, USA; Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
IGIL-focal mechanisms of earthquakes in Southwest Iberia and Azores (Custodio et al. 2016), courtesy of Susana Custodio, Instituto Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
IGIL-bulletin and moment tensors of earthquakes in Cape Verde (Vales et al. 2014), courtesy of Graça Silveira, Instituto Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
INMG-bulletins from temporary deployment NEAR-EST in the Gulf of Cadiz (Romsdorf, 2010;Silva et al. 2017), courtesy of Sonia Manzoni and Stephen Monna, the Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal.
IPGP-bulletin of offshore-onshore deployment in Vanuatu (Baillard et al. 2015); courtesy of Christian Baillard, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France.
ISC-GEM-basic seismic measurement data digitised from the original station and network bulletins at the ISC during the ISC-GEM project (Di Giacomo et al. 2015); ITU-earthquake source mechanisms of earthquakes in the Hellenic trench near Crete (Taymaz et al. 1990), courtesy of Tuncay Taymaz codes are available at https ://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbu lleti n/ agenc ies)-integrated collection of digitised earthquake bulletins of regional seismic networks and several scientific publications, covering the eastern part of Russia, courtesy of Kevin Mackey, Michigan State University (Mackey et al. 2003(Mackey et al. , 2010.
NAO-bulletins for early years of NORSAR array, Norway; courtesy of Johannes Schweitzer, personal communication, 2017.
OGAUC -focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the southwest of Iberia (Domingues et al. 2013), courtesy of Susanna Custodio of Centro de Investigação da Terra e do Espaço da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
SCSIO-relocation of two earthquakes at southwestern Indian ridge, by combining the land-based data with the data of temporary OBS deployment (Luo et al. 2017), courtesy of Minghuo Zhang, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
SEA-bulletin with corrected amplitude readings submitted in place of earlier version, courtesy of Peter Burkholder, Ken Creager, Wallis Hutton and Peter Benson (University of Washington, Geophysics Program) and Rick Benson (IRIS DMC); SIO-station arrival time picks in Hawaii OSNPE (Sutherland et al. 2004), courtesy of Frank Vernon, Scripps Institution for Oceanography, San Diego, USA.
SPITAK-bulletin of the aftershock deployment following the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia (Arefiev et al. 1991 TAP-complete Taiwan earthquake bulletins from CWB; previously, station arrival data were given only for felt earthquakes. UAF-moment tensors of earthquakes in Bolivia (Alvizuri and Tape 2016), central (Tape et al. 2015) and southern Alaska (Silwal and Tape 2016), courtesy of Carl Tape, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA.
UATDG-catalogue of earthquakes in Central Chile, CHARGE experiment (Wagner et al. 2005;Anderson et al. 2007) courtesy of Megan Anderson and Lara Wagner, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
UAV-previously missing part of the earthquake bulletin of the Andes, courtesy of Martin Rengifo, Universidad de Los Andes, La Hechicera, Mérida, Venezuela.
UCB-bulletins of earthquakes of the Rocky Mountains and Rio Grande Rift from EarthScope Transportable Array and CREST temporary deployment (Nakai et al. 2017), courtesy of Anne Sheehan and Jenny Nakai, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
UCDES-focal mechanisms for earthquakes of South Caspian region (Priestley et al. 1994), courtesy of Keith Priestley, University of Cambridge, Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom;