Fig. 7

Hourly rainfall (mm h⁻¹, shading) and 850 hPa horizontal wind (m s⁻¹, wind barbs) in a CTL and b TOPO, and vertical distribution of mixing ratio (g kg⁻¹, shading), U-wind (m s⁻¹, vector), and vertical velocity (m s⁻¹, contour with 2 m s⁻¹ interval) in c CTL and d TOPO at 2310 UTC on October 4. c, d show the zonal vertical cross section of the maximum precipitation difference point (purple dashed line in a, b) between CTL and TOPO. The black contour lines in a, b show the height difference (m, contour with 60 m interval) between CTL and TOPO, the blue lines in c, d present the pressure levels (hPa, contour), and the black dashed and solid lines in c, d indicate the downward (≤ − 2 m s⁻¹) and upward (≥ 4 m s⁻¹) direction of vertical velocity, respectively