Fig. 3

Hovmöller diagrams of (a) SSTa (shading, ℃) and precipitation anomalies (contours, mm/day), and b SSHa (shading, m) and wind stress curl anomalies (contours, 10^–8 N/m³) averaged in 8–12°S. Green arrows denote the westward-propagating Rossby waves. c–e Vertical distribution of potential temperature anomalies (shading, ℃), MLD (black dashed lines), and D20 (solid black lines) averaged between 8 and 12°S in 2019 SON, 2019 D(2020)JF, 2020 MAM, respectively. Gray lines in c–e are climatological means for the period 2004–2020