Fig. 1
From: Extreme IOD induced tropical Indian Ocean warming in 2020
a Time series of the Indian Ocean dipole mode index (DMI) and IOB mode index during Jan 2019–Dec 2020. b Scatter plot between DMI and Niño3.4 index, superimposed with following-year IOB events (red and blue dots). Small, medium and large red (blue) dots represent IOB index exceed (-) 1, 1.5, and 2 std of IOB index, respectively