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Geoscience Letters

Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS)

Fig. 5 | Geoscience Letters

Fig. 5

From: The effects of ENSO, climate change and human activities on the water level of Lake Toba, Indonesia: a critical literature review

Fig. 5

a Rainfall trend for the January–June (red dotted line) and July–December (red line) periods. The rainfall during the dry season (January–June) shows a decreasing annual trend of 3.18 mm, and the rainy season (July–December) exhibits a decreasing annual trend of 16.33 mm in the Lake Toba catchment area. b Trends in maximum (light brown line), average (yellow line), and minimum (green line) temperatures. The average temperature exhibits an increasing trend of 0.02 °C per year, the maximum temperature shows an increasing annual trend of 0.05 °C, and the minimum temperature shows an increasing annual trend of 0.004 °C (Irwandi et al. 2017a, b)

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