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Geoscience Letters

Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS)

Fig. 4 | Geoscience Letters

Fig. 4

From: The effects of ENSO, climate change and human activities on the water level of Lake Toba, Indonesia: a critical literature review

Fig. 4

Spatial patterns of rainfall anomalies during El Niño occurrences in 1983/1984, 1986/1987, 1991/1992, 1997/1998, and 2015/2016 in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, in a DJF, b MAM, c JJA, and d SON periods. This figure shows a decrease in seasonal rainfall in North Sumatra, ranging from 50 to 100 mm, except on the western coast of North Sumatra during the MAM period, which had increased rainfall ranging from 0 to 150 mm (Irwandi et al. 2018)

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