Fig. 1

a–c 28-year (1979–2006) climatology of seasonal mean precipitation (mm day⁻¹) and d–f 28-year climatology of seasonal mean 850 hPa wind vector, 200 hPa wind speed (m s⁻¹, contour and shading), and 5880 geopotential height contours (solid lines). Upper, mid, and bottom panels indicate observation, control experiment (no nudging), and spectral nudging experiments, respectively