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Geoscience Letters

Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS)

Fig. 3 | Geoscience Letters

Fig. 3

From: GNSS brings us back on the ground from ionosphere

Fig. 3

The response of the annual component (IMF (intrinsic mode function) 4) of the ionospheric TEC (total electron content) SPW4 (stationary planetary wave 4) to ENSO. a Normalized annual component of the SWP4 amplitude. The normalized annual component is defined as the annual component being divided by its long-term trend at each latitude (seeing details from Chang et al. 2016). b The variation is the departure from the mean annual cycle of the normalized component. c ONI

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