Fig. 4

Comparison of the evolution/propagation of the simulated MJO modes using: a B-M scheme with BL dynamics, b B-M scheme without BL dynamics, c Kuo scheme without BL dynamics, and d WAE scheme without BL dynamics. Shown are sequential maps of precipitation rate (color shading) and lower troposphere geopotential height (contours). All fields are normalized by their respective maxima (absolute values) at each panel. The contours start from −0.9 with an interval 0.2. The basic state SST is uniform 29.0 °C