Fig. 3
From: Global cloud-permitting simulations of Typhoon Fengshen (2008)
Horizontally smoothed 400-hPa relative vorticity (blue), 850-hPa wind vectors, and relative vorticity (red) at 0000 UTC on 15 June 2008, in the a ECMWF YOTC and b NCEP FNL, with the precipitation rate averaged between 1200 UTC on 13 June and 0000 UTC on 15 June 2008, in TRMM 3B42v7 (shading). Horizontally smoothed 400-hPa relative vorticity at 0000 UTC on 16 (blue), 17 (black), and 18 (green) June 2008, in the c ECMWF YOTC and d NCEP FNL with the precipitation rate averaged between 1200 UTC on 15 June and 0000 UTC on 17 June 2008 in TRMM 3B42v7 (shading). Same as c, d, except for the simulation case e E_mp2, f N_mp2, and g E_mp4 at the 7.6-km altitude (approximately corresponding to 400 hPa), with the vertically integrated latent heating rate (shading). In all panels, the unit of relative vorticity is 10−5 s−1 and only positive values are shown. Crosses indicate the center of the incipient disturbance on 15 (red), 16 (blue), 17 (black), 18 (green), 19 (purple), and 20 (orange) June 2008. Black crosses in a and b indicate the center of the large-scale gyre