Fig. 1From: The importance of ground magnetic data in specifying the state of magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling: a personal viewLogical block diagram showing electrodynamic “cross” coupling between the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere, and between the electric fields and currents. The ground magnetic perturbation is considered as a total effect of magnetospheric and ionospheric currents as well as of field-aligned currents. Adapted from Kamide and Richmond (1991)Back to article page